Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope

Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope PTSD Coping Print Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope Avoidance may work in the short-term but can cause more problems later By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 02, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Maskot / Getty Images Emotional avoidance is a common reaction to trauma. In fact, emotional avoidance is part of the avoidance cluster of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, serving as a way for people with PTSD to escape painful or difficult emotions. Avoidance refers to any action designed to prevent the occurrence of an uncomfortable emotion such as fear, sadness, or shame. For example, a person may try to avoid difficult emotions through the use of  substances  or  dissociation. Emotional avoidance may be effective in the short-term and can provide some temporary relief. In the long run, it often causes more harm as avoidance behaviors are associated with increased severity of PTSD symptoms. Avoidance Cluster Behavior The avoidance cluster of PTSD symptoms  is categorized as the attempt  to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings as well as external reminders such as conversations about the traumatic event or  people or places that bring the event to mind. Avoidance behaviors are effectively an effort to withdraw from situations and feelings that produce trauma-related symptoms. Moreover, people engaging in avoidance may have emotional numbing symptoms  such as  feeling distant from others, losing  interest in activities they used to enjoy, or having trouble  experiencing positive feelings such as happiness or love.  Avoiding emotional experiences is common among people who have PTSD. Emotional Avoidance in PTSD Research shows  that people with PTSD often try to avoid or “push away” their emotions, both emotions about a traumatic experience and emotions in general. In addition, it has been found that trying to avoid feeling emotions may make some PTSD symptoms worse or even contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms after experiencing a traumatic event.?? Why Emotional Avoidance Doesnt Work Emotions serve important psychological and physiological purposes. Your emotions provide you with information about yourself and the things going on around you. They communicate and motivate action. For example, fear tells you that you may be in danger; sadness tells you that you may need some time to take care of yourself or seek help from others. While emotional avoidance temporarily suppresses difficult emotions, the emotions youre trying to avoid may grow harder to ignore over time. Your emotions may “fight back” in an attempt to serve their functions. If someone is determined to avoid feeling their emotions, they may eventually turn to more drastic and unhealthy ways to avoid them, such as substance use.? Avoiding your emotions also takes considerable effort, and as the emotions you are avoiding grow stronger, more and more effort is needed to keep them at bay. As a result, little energy may be left for the important things in your life such as family and friends. In addition, using all your energy to avoid certain emotions may make it difficult to manage other experiences, such as frustration and irritation, making you more likely to be “on edge” and angry. Research has also suggested?? that avoidance coping leads to chronic worry. The Purpose of Emotions Management and Treatment of PTSD Symptoms The best way to start managing your symptoms is to develop healthier coping mechanisms that allow you to identify, accept, and process your emotions. Therapy can provide the opportunity to express and understand your emotions as well as examine the sources of those emotional responses. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) In addition to examining emotions connected directly to the traumatic event, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?? may address how certain thoughts or ways of evaluating a situation may be contributing to your emotions. Therapists who practice CBT typically focus on what is going on in the individuals current life, rather than past events, and the focus is on moving forward in time to devise more effective strategies for coping with life. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), on the other hand, focuses on breaking down avoidance and helping a person place their energy into living a meaningful life (and being willing to experience whatever emotions arise as a result).?? In order to produce psychological flexibility, ACT makes use of acceptance and mindfulness processes and commitment and behavior change processes. Social Support and Self-Monitoring Whichever therapy you choose, getting help can provide you with a safe place to express and approach your emotions. Seeking social support from trusted loved ones can also provide a safe way to express your emotions. Finally, writing about your feelings can also give you a safe and private way to release your deepest thoughts. If your emotions feel really unclear or unpredictable, self-monitoring may be a useful strategy for you. It can give you a sense of which situations bring out certain thoughts and feelings. Finally, if your emotions feel too strong, try distraction instead of avoidance. Distraction can be viewed as “temporary avoidance.” Do something to temporarily distract you from a strong negative emotion, such as reading a book, calling a trusted friend, or taking a bath. This may give the emotion some time to decrease in strength, making it easier to cope with. How to Reduce Avoidance in PTSD

The secret to success of East Asian economies Essay examples

Since the end of the second world war, many East Asian economies have seen a â€Å"miraculous† growth. And with so many other nations still in poverty, economists and leaders are turning their eyes towards the â€Å"East Asian tigers† to see if they can replicate their results. When looking at the facts it is obvious that the the circumstances facing the East Asian nations were quite different than the ones that nations face today. But outside of these differences a loose model of the East Asian miracle can be utilized in Third World nations today and, considering the high success rate of so many of the East Asian economies, would most likely see positive results. The secret to success of East Asian economies is the hand that the government has†¦show more content†¦This means that neither the pursuit of private profit for monopoly capitalists, nor the political agendas of big parties get in the way of the economic progress of the nations. This form of policy ca n only exist under a socialist-type state, where everything is centralized. The antitype of this would be again the Latin American economies where both dominant and lower classes pressure the government leading to a political equilibrium which translates into a stagnant economy (Kay, 2002:p.1086). As much as can be learned from the East Asian tigers, there are also a few particular factors without which these nations may not be where they are. One major factor to the growth of East Asian economies would be the Cold War and the fight against communism. Americas preoccupation with the USSR and the Korean War made it possible for Capitalist Asian countries, specifically Japan, to both promote and camouflage their own growth while manipulating the USA (Woo-Cummings,1999:p.55-56). Institutions such as the World Bank have attempted at â€Å"force-feeding† the same approaches throughout third world nations (Amsden, 1994:p.628). 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What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before You're Left Behind The Foolproof Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Strategy Bear in mind that you've to summarize a paragraph so that you have to comprehend what the paragraph is all about and what it is attempting to communicate. Question marks go outside the last quotation mark in the event the full sentence asks the question. This also enables you to show your comprehension about it. In summarising written task there'll be a paragraph and you've got to summarize it in ONE Sentence. What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before You're Left Behind Among these things, the most crucial is regularly utilizing a FTCE practice test for an exercise to boost your familiarity to the examination along with learning tool. There are proven problem-solving steps that you can utilize. Excellent speed in typing will be an additional advantage. There are l ots of challenges that you should deal with in your test preparation and in using practice tests for the FTCE is you wish to pass the very first time. Read the review of to make sure this writing service is among the best on the internet inside this field and learn what criteria should be utilized in its evaluation. Speed is the principal core in the whole exam. More so, it can lead to a good deal of stress, frustration and disappointment. It can be useful, but much superior ones may exist. This has caused our confined knowledge and too little proper understanding of the planet. In reality, there's a larger problem. Because of this, it's inappropriate to concentrate on the number of problems each student has completed. Some students think of it as a chance to learn new things while some consider it like a burden. New Step by Step Roadmap for Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Today, all of the news things are dramatized and produced in an exaggerated method. Our subject experts are also readily available to answer any questions you might have. Life is about choices. Customers have many difficulties. Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 at a Glance Starting your assignment early will make sure that you remain calm and away from strain and anxiety throughout the conclusion of the job. There do not seem to be any limitations on the number of times each candidate can retake a test. Julie has failed the essay section of the exam four times earning the exact precise score every time. By most accounts, the very first year of teaching is frequently the most stressful. You should d efinitely take this service into account if you're new to the internet writing businesses. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance premiums. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance. Participants aren't required to come to each session or stay for a whole session. No matter the reaction might be, students will definitely finish their coursework in such a manner that it touches the benchmark determined by their professors. Naturally, each one of these students need individual attention and a personalized learning program. You are going to need an innovative strategy. With an open-ended assignment, there's a much increased emphasis on working correctly rather than working quickly. Because of this, it's important for a teacher to produce an individualized education plan for gifted students. When forced to go at a slower pace and adhere to exactly the same instructional path as the remainder of the class, an extremely gifted student might become bored and quit participating. All About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Writing coursework isn't a kid's play. Sociology essays handle the study of human social behavior in a society, therefore, it is quite interesting for the students who want to know more about human psyche but boring for people who don't like studying their species. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to choose a great topic for their assignment. Choosing Good Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Affairs of the com pany Earth, world of education etc are preferred by only a particular group of individuals. Because information from the pilot test is only going to be utilised to appraise the test products, score information won't be provided. No information that could identify a specific individual will be published. For more data on the FTCEs, check out the Florida Department of Education site. The Lost Secret of Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 You need to understand what passingmeans. There are 39 unique SAEs. Admit it is difficult. You will be supplied a text box.

The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life Free Essays

The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life is as complex as the structure of modern societies. In fact, city can be seen as a miniature version of a smaller society within a larger one, as most people living in cities tend to strongly identify themselves with them. And if we take into account the fact that in the Western world the percentage of city dwellers in contrast to people living in the countryside is continuing to grow due to the process of urbanisation (Hayward, 2004, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life or any similar topic only for you Order Now 17-18), the phenomenon of city as a of dominant life style of humans deserves the most attentive examination. In particular, the urgent topic in the study of the ways in which city functions is the problem of its inner structure and dynamics in light of the often voiced concerns that the contemporary city is becoming more fractured and polarised than ever. The disturbing degree of this polarisation can be appreciated with the help of the so-called ‘dual city theory’, which, among other things, aims to show how the changes in economy, such as the removal of most of manufacturing jobs from the urban areas coupled with the state`s minimal involvement into the social sphere, lead to significant changes in the social structure of modern cities â€Å"in which the richer get richer, the poorer more poor and the middle classes are shrinking† (Holt-Jensen, 2002, p.3). Still, even without this socio-economic aspect of the city life, there is a plenty of reasons why the contemporary city may become fractured. One of them is the presence of ethnic sub-groups in many cities that occupy distinct areas and in this way in essence form isolated cultural islands. This peculiarity of many modern cities is reinforced by the more traditional but very important division between their functional parts, such as historical districts, usually attractive for tourists, downtown, industrial areas, and bedroom communities. This internal structure also inevitably shapes the economic and social structure of cities, as being historically perpetuated this type of division forms corresponding social patterns, represented by correspondence of a certain city district to a certain social class of people inhabiting it. As a sad example of such a firm correspondence may serve districts with the increased criminal activity, which cannot be exterminated by any legal enforcements. As the result of the working of the mentioned factors, it is indeed possible to say that the contemporary city in many respects resembles a fractured and polarized environment, in which it is possible for people to feel themselves lonely even in the crowd (Clarke, 2003, pp.192-195). By the way, speaking about specific problems stemming from the high density of population in most modern cities, such as ubiquitous traffic jams or the issue of environmental pollution, it is worth to mention that it is perhaps one of the unifying factors for all the city communities as such challenges require a coherent and unanimous action. Also, in relation to the positive roles that cities play in the modern world, it should be said that in their frames a lot of opportunities exist for the cultural exchange and development, so that cities can be seen as miniature melting pots of languages and cultures. As we can see, the view that the contemporary city is becoming more fractured and polarised is indeed not devoid of the truth. However, it seems safe to claim that this is happening not so much due to the peculiarities of the life in cities as such, but rather due to the natural processes of social interaction. Thus, city is an environment in which all the forms of social change are just manifested and amplified in a very clear form. Sources Clarke, D., B. (2003). Consumer Society and the Postmodern City. Routledge Hayward, K. (2004). City Limits: Crime, Consumer Culture and the Urban Experience. How to cite The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life, Essay examples

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay Example

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay From reading both of the poems I can see that both of the poems describe how they have either lost or are losing part of their identity. Identity can mean anything from our age, gender, race, personality, religion, social position, language or even personality. Identity is either what makes a person different from other people but some elements of your identity might make you the same as other people such as your nationality or religion. Some of our identity can be set at birth and cant be changed in anyway this could be race. Whereas other elements such as social position can continuously change throughout your life. Some changes in or identity we welcome and some we dont. Both of these poems explore changes in their identity. In Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan the young female is telling us how she is changing in the way that she lives and dresses whereas in Search for My Tongue the poet I telling us how she is losing her identity by the loss of her first language. We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two poems are laid out quiet differently, although they both use variable line length. In Presents from Pakistan the lines start all over the place and there is no certain point at which they have to start. In Search for My Tongue all the beginnings of the lines start at one place this is because the poem is left justified. This gives Search for My Tongues a stronger rhythm than it would have if it wasnt left justified, whereas Present from my Aunts in Pakistan gives us a feeling that she is confused and doesnt know where to start. I dont feel as if either of the poems have a rhymes this is because they do not contain rhyming couplets or any rhythmic devices. Presents from My Aunts In Pakistan seems to be much more like a conversation with either herself or with a close friend, but Search for My Tongue seems much more like a letter of complaint. In the case of Search fore My Tongue the poet uses her mother tongue and Cyrillic writing and English character in her language. This emphasises both of the tongues. In Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan she is often putting the adjective after the noun. This defers from the standard English language. In both of the poems there is lots of punctuation missing. Both of these poets dont feel as if the punctuation is really important to emphasis the problems about their identity. Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan tells us where she comes from whereas Search for My Tongue dont tell us where she came from and leaves it a mystery. The words used in the poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan are more vibrant than words used in the poem Search for My tongue. This is intended to give you a mental image of the clothes and the place at which as is living in. In Search For My Tongue the words tend to be darker and angrier this is so we can understand how she is feeling. Your mother tongue would Rot, Rot and die in your mouth as you can see these words are powerful and meaningful this is show we draw attention to what she is saying. Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan explores the theme of identity and places remembered, but Search For My Tongue explores the theme of identity through language and continues to use an extended metaphor throughout the poem by talking about a flower blossoming in her mouth when she is able to speak her mother tongue and explain how a flower dying in her mouth is what it feels like when she in un-able to speak with her mother tongue. Search for My Tongue uses cultural-specific words separate from the rest of the standard English used in the poem. This is to make sure that we pay more attention to the poem and try to understand why she has done it. In Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan she uses the cultural-specific words all over the place as if she doesnt know she is doing it and she expects you to know what the words mean already. An example of this would be Salwer Kameez which would mean nothing to a young English person but means a traditional garment to the people living in Pakistan. In the poem Search for My Tongue the words Spit It is a slight use of assonance, but there is no other in this poem. There is a miner use of alliteration in Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan such as Satin-Silken and Costume Clung. This makes these words stand out from the rest catching out eye. Neither of these poems contain personification. The feelings of the authors of the poems are similar in the way that they are sad about the loss of part of their identity. Search for My Tongue is asking the reader if she thinks they are to blame because she has lost part of her identity and isnt who she once was . This comes across to me as if she is saying How would you like it if this had happened to you?. She is very angry and doesnt blame herself for what has happened to her. The poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is a much friendlier. It is like she is looking for help and is explaining her problem to us hoping that we can help her. Presents from my Aunts is explaining the situation. This means that all she is doing is talking to us but in Search for My Tongue is Telling us. This makes me feel as I am in trouble and that it is my fault for her identity problem. I feel as if the female writing Search for my Tongue is older than the poet who has written Presents From Aunts in Pakistan. This is due to the language used to write the poem and how the two poets express the way in which they feel about their situation. Both of these poems were interesting and were enjoyable to read. With the poem Search for My Tongue I as able to empathise because I feel the same about me losing my Scottish accent. I feel as if Search for My Tongues has a stronger contrast out of the two poems this is due to the fact that I think the poet is a stronger person and is able to deal with her situation on her own whereas the poet for Present From My aunts in Pakistan is not able to cope with her situation on her own. I felt as if Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is easier for me to understand due to the language used in the poem. This is because the poet is a teenager like myself and I am able to see where she is coming from about having to were a piece of clothing which she is uncomfortable with. I can understand where Moniza Alvi is coming from because I feel I have the same problem with having to wear a school uniform even If I do not want to. These two poems made me think more about identity, I have learnt that identity can play an important part in our life and that we shouldnt take it for granted because one day you may lose part of it and may never be able to regain it.

Chesapeake Energy Company

Chesapeake Energy Company Chesapeake Energy Company is a natural gas producer (CSRHUB 1). The corporation incorporates its actions and possesses immense compression, midstream, oilfield and drilling properties. Oklahoma City is where the head office of the company is located. Chesapeake holds principal places in Marcellus, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays (CSRHUB 2).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Chesapeake Energy Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In April 2011, the corporation experienced an explosion, which caused deaths of three personnel and made poisonous fracking liquids flow into Pennsylvania farmland, Bradford County, and a close by the stream. The corporation was condemned for its fracking actions, which violated the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). Since then, the company has h ad to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Regulatory Response Mechanism; Structures and Issues Following this happening, Chesapeake willingly suspended conclusion actions in the Eastern Division to carry out an assessment of the reliability of similar wellheads. Each wellhead in the assessment was disintegrated so that the apparatus could be studied and pressure examined. Currently, Chesapeake has dedicated itself to assessing water sources and the soil, in addition to presenting regular information, to DEP. The corporation has decided to make use of local well-control experts, for future reasons. Chesapeake has planned to work intimately with DEP to devise a plan for re-establishment of the site. For upcoming processes, Chesapeake has employed transformations in its omission of the service providers, who gather and assess well heads. Qualifications of contract workers will be assessed carefully, and broad citations for all stages of pressure assessment and tools calibration will be needed. International Lobbying Chesapeake Energy has lobbied the legislature on hydraulic fracturing (Business week 1). It also used $720,000 in the last quarter to hall the national regime on weather transformation and natural gas concerns (Business week 1). This was a 19% increase from the amount that was used in the third quarter.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hydraulic fracturing entails instilling enormous quantities of sand, water and other compounds in the ground so as to release enormous natural gas stores. By use of this technique, Chesapeake has emerged to be a leading gas producer. It asserts that the practice is secure. In addition, Chesapeake has pressed for larger utilization of natural gas si nce it emits less hazardous substances than coal and other fuels. The multi Stakeholder Environment of Business Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Globalization and the Multinational Firm The main office of the company is located in Oklahoma City. Chesapeake operates many oil plays including Marcellus, Mississippi Lime, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Pearsall, Eagle Ford, Cleveland, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays. These operating regions are typified by long-lasting oil and natural gas reserves, recognized production potential and plentiful growth openings. The life Cycle of Social Issues A life cycle scrutiny denotes the carbon footprint of an exacting production fuel basis over its total manufacture, incineration and dumping cycle, instead of investigating the GHG emissions formed by igniting the fuel to produce electricity. Examining the GHG emissions created to produce electricity, for instance, natural gas is usually said to be about two times cleaner than coal. Corporate Social Responsibility Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. It also pledges to go on delivering sustainable productions to its members via excellent economic performance. Social Influences; Non-Governmental Organizations and their Effects on Business Operations The US State of Maryland, RepRisk and local groups, are among the non-governmental organizations that influence the business operations of Che sapeake. The US State of Maryland accused the corporation early this year for infringing several environmental Acts. RepRisk argues against the hydraulic fracturing method used by Chesapeake. Local societies argue that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Chesapeake Energy Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other non-governmental organizations that raised concerns included Union of Concerned Scientists, the Nature Conservancy and the Wilderness Society. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Social Influences; Socially Responsible Investing Socially responsible investing explains an investment approach which attempts to exploit the fiscal profit and communal well being. Chesapeake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage e nvironmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Anatomy of a Corporate Campaign Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America. The objective of this campaign is to support transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy (Chesapeake Energy 3). First, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable federal reasons, in order to hasten the production of CNG-powered automobiles. Second, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable national and state reasons, in order to lay CNG dispensing entities at about 20% of the current service centers. Finally, it seeks to institute bipartisan backing for the expansion of the presented $1,000 national tax credit for the fitting of in-home CNG dispensing entities, which are linked to the current home gas lines. Codes of Conduct Chesapeake Energy Company and its subdivisions are dedicated to high values of moral behavior. Managers and workers of the corporation are required to abide by all pertinent rules, and to operate with sincerity and honor when executing duties at the corporation. The Code of conduct is divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. In its endeavors to promote excellent corporate citizenship, the corporation expects all its workers to conform to all policies of the company. Governance in the Sustainable Corporation The Board of Directors is liable for the supervision of the company and its dealings (Chesapeake Energy 2). This responsibility is normally executed by a senior administration team, which is entrusted with managing the daily acti ons of the company, in addition to implementing the proposed, business objectives and policies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Board counsels, confers with and supervises the work of the leading management group. The Chief Executive Officer is accountable for instituting efficient infrastructure with stakeholder societies including members, clients, affiliates, the public, creditors, suppliers, states, supervisory bodies and corporate allies. It is the rule of the company that executive communicates for the firm. The corporate has instituted plans to train workers and hearten them to be brand representatives of positive corporation icons. Environmental Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has been condemned for its fracking actions, which violate a number of environmental policies (Chesapeake Energy 5). Early this year, the US State of Maryland litigated the corporation for infringing the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). This was in reaction to a massive spill that took place on April 19, 2011 causing many gallons of fracki ng fluid to run into Towanda Creek (Natural Gas Watch 2). Social Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has also been condemned for assumed infringements on occupational wellbeing and protection. Early this year, an explosion at the Chesapeake hurt three personnel. The event apparently happened while they were transmitting water that was employed in the fracking procedure. Lately, Chesapeake was investigated, in South Africa, for its concern in shale discovery, in the Karoo Reserve (Chesapeake Energy 5). Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation would endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium of the reserve. In conclusion, the April 19 explosion at a natural gas well run by Chesapeake Energy has been a significant issue of concern. Since then, the company has had to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). Chesapeake Energy lobbied for the legislature on hydraulic fracturing, in the last quarter of the year. Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Chesap eake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage environmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America, which aims at supporting transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy. The Codes of conduct at Chesapeake Energy are divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. Business Week. †Chesapeake Energy spent $720,000 Lobbying in 4Q.† The Associated Press, 26 March 2010. Web. Chesapeake Energy. Chesapeake Energy Corporation Unveils National Campaign to Encourage Switch from Foreign Oil to Am erican Natural Gas in U.S. Transportation Sector. Web.. CSRHUB. Chesapeake Energy Corporation. Web. Natural Gas Watch. What Really Happened at the Chesapeake Blowout? Web.

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production- to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society. Thomas Lohnes / Getty Images Superstructure Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society. It includes culture, ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs), norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so, justifies the power of the ruling class. From a sociological standpoint, it’s important to recognize that neither the base nor the superstructure is naturally occurring, nor are they static. They are both social creations (created by people in a society), and both are the accumulation of social processes and interactions between people that are constantly playing out, shifting, and evolving. Extended Definition Marx theorized that the superstructure effectively grows out of the base and that it reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls the base (called the â€Å"bourgeoisie† in Marx’s time). In The German Ideology, written with Friedrich Engels, Marx offered a critique of Hegel’s theory of how society operates, which was based on principles of Idealism. Hegel asserted that ideology determines social lifethat the reality of the world around us is determined by our mind, by our thoughts. Historical Shifts to a Capitalist Mode of Production Considering historical shifts in relations of production, most importantly, the shift from feudalist to capitalist production, Marx was not content with Hegel’s theory. He believed that the shift to a capitalist mode of production had sweeping implications for the social structure, culture, institutions, and ideology of society- that it reconfigured the superstructure in drastic ways. He posed instead a â€Å"materialist† way of understanding history (â€Å"historical materialism†), which is the idea that the material conditions of our existence, what we produce in order to live and how we go about doing so, determines all else in society. Building on this idea, Marx posed a new way of thinking about the relationship between thought and lived reality with his theory of the relationship between base and superstructure. Importantly, Marx argued that this is not a neutral relationship. There is a lot at stake in the way the superstructure emerges out of the base, because as the place where norms, values, beliefs, and ideology reside, the superstructure serves to legitimate the base. The superstructure creates the conditions in which the relations of production seem right, just, or even natural, though, in reality, they may be deeply unjust, and designed to benefit only the minority ruling class, rather than the majority working class. Marx argued that religious ideology that urged people to obey authority and work hard for salvation in the afterlife was a way in which superstructure justifies the base because it generates an acceptance of one’s conditions as they are. Following Marx, Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of education in training people to obediently serve in their designated roles in the division of labor, depending upon into which class they were born. Marx and Gramsci also wrote about the role of the state- the political apparatus- in protecting the interests of the ruling class. In recent history, state bailouts of collapsing private banks is an example of this. Early Writing In his early writing, Marx was very committed to the principles of historical materialism, and the related one-way causal relationship between base and superstructure. However, as his theory evolved and grew more complex over time, Marx reframed the relationship between base and superstructure as dialectical, meaning that each influences what happens in the other. Thus, if something changes in the base, it causes changes in the superstructure, and vice versa. Marx believed in the possibility of a revolution among the working class because he thought that once workers realized the extent to which they were exploited and harmed for the benefit of the ruling class, then they would decide to change things, and a significant change in the base, in terms of how goods are produced, by whom, and on what terms, would follow.