How Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership Free Essays

How exact is it to state that Lenin’s administration was the most significant purpose behind the Bolshevik’s accomplishment in the upheaval of November 1917? Lenin’s initiative was to an enormous degree a significant reason for the Bolshevik’s accomplishment in the November 1917 insurgency. This is a direct result of Lenin’s extraordinary authority abilities, including his character and timing, and his utilization of publicity. Different elements to why the Bolsheviks succeeded included Trotsky’s job, which was disputably progressively significant, and the issues with the Provisional Government, which made it disliked, expanding backing to the Bolsheviks and implied that any future insurgency was unavoidable. We will compose a custom paper test on How Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership? or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Lenin’s authority was essential in various regards. He was a splendid speaker so the Bolsheviks were very much driven. At the Central Committee meeting on the 23rd October 1917, Lenin constrained through a plan thing, when the main Bolsheviks, Zinoviev and Kamenev, differ on it. This was essential since Lenin was in a state of banishment in Switzerland and had fled to Finland all the more as of late in view of calamities coming about because of the July Days. This shows how Lenin was clearly still the decided pioneer of the Bolsheviks, and even with a unified restriction, he was as yet able to compel his perspectives upon the gathering. Moreover, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s right translation of Marx was insufficient to slow down Lenin’s wish for a furnished uprising. Lenin marginally changed Marxist hypothesis by expressing that the average unrest had sufficient opportunity to finish industrialization. This further settled how persuasive Lenin inside the Bolsheviks and nobody could rival him regardless of whether clearly his Marxist hypothesis wasn't right. The Bolshevik’s achievement would not have happened in the furnished uprising of the November 1917 unrest without Lenin’s initiative abilities. Lenin’s authority aptitudes is connected to his mainstream trademarks which picked up help to the Bolsheviks while making the Provisional Government disagreeable. Besides, Lenin was resolved to change the political state in Russia by ousting the Provisional Government. Before Lenin’s return in April 1917, the main Bolsheviks, for example, Kamenev and Stalin, really upheld the Government. There were serious issues for the administration, checking the focal issues. Individuals were experiencing the difficulties of World War I including: an immense number of passings at the front, hyperinflation, transportation breakdowns, void retires in stores and absence of fuel to warm people’s homes. These issues were connected in a merciless circle; the best way to end the financial and social emergency was to get out off war however thusly, that would mean the withdrawal of remote guide, which would make its very own monetary emergency. The focal issues disappointed the low class, officers and laborers. At the point when Lenin returned, he guaranteed his most well known mottos, which were ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ and ‘All Power to the Soviets’ which were intended to pick up help for the Bolsheviks and subvert the Provisional Government. ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ was a well known message in light of the fact that ‘peace’ implied a moment end to clashes and alluded to Bolshevik resistance to war; ‘bread’ implied a guarantee of food in the towns and urban communities, and ‘land’ implied every last bit of it to be nationalized for the lower class. This was a well known message in a nation tired of war and confronted food deficiencies. This accentuated the Provisional Government’s support for the disagreeable war and demonstrated their inability to support the land and food deficiencies. Lenin’s arrangement ‘All Power to the Soviets’ caused the laborers and workers to accept that the Provisional Government was made up totally of landowners and white collar classes who might not pay special mind to them. The trademarks, accordingly, permitted Lenin to offer help to the Bolsheviks that they will have power while making the Provisional Government look feeble and dependant on the ‘strong’ Bolsheviks. This is connected to how the shortcoming of the Provisional Government helped the Bolshevik’s bolster rise. It was the Provisional Government, which lead to guide endeavors to vanquish it; the Bolsheviks were fortunate that the Provisional Government was feeble. General Kornilov, disappointed with the Provisional Government and the obfuscated condition of the military, required its oust. He needed an arrival of capital punishment for relinquishment, the disposal of the Soviets and the arrangement of himself as new pioneer. Kerensky initially made proposition to Kornilov by requesting that he join an alliance. At the point when dismissed, he needed to request that the Petrograd Soviet assist him with protecting the capital. They concurred, yet just once he had discharged the Bolshevik detainees. He was thusly placed into an upsetting situation of offering weapons to a gathering of individuals who were needed to crush his administration. At long last, Kornilov gave up. The outcomes were grievous for the legislature. Strategically, it lost help on both Left and Right. The Right-Wing were stunned that Kerensky had furnished the socialists. The Left were stunned that Kerensky had attempted to bargain with Kornilov and went rather to the association of the Bolsheviks. Militarily, the military lost all trust in the legislature and began to fall. The Provisional Government was currently incredibly disliked and helped make insurgency unavoidable with increasingly Bolshevik help. Besides, The Kornilov Affair had followed the outfitting of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC). The MRC didn't give its firearms back to the Provisional Government once the emergency was finished, which implied that there was an equipped radical gathering at the center of the Petrograd who were continuously attempted the sets of the Bolsheviks. Likewise, the disappointment of Kornilov to get to Petrograd featured the force the MRC had over officers Clearly, after the Kornilov Affair, the Provisional Government could no longer believe the soldiers to secure them if their rival were in the MRC. The Kornilov Affair in this manner made the upset inescapable. This is connected to Trotsky, who drove the MRC, and how his job was essential to the achievement of the Bolsheviks in the upset. It was Trotsky who was the driving force behind the genuine arranging and achievement of the uprising since the time he joined the Bolsheviks in May. Trotsky began the Pravda, another specialists situated paper, which got the Bolsheviks thoughts across and helped the gathering run its own purposeful publicity machine. Moreover, on the night of 24th October 1917, orders were given for the Bolsheviks started to possess the railroad stations, the phone trade and the State Bank. The following day the Red Guards, a private Bolshevik armed force set up by Trotsky, encompassed the Winter Palace. The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) of the Petrograd Soviet was set up to shield Soviets from Germans after the June hostile breakdown. It was heavily influenced by Trotsky and the Red Guards involved significant zones of Petrograd and captured the greater part of the Provisional Government, who were in the Winter Palace. A large number of the individuals from the Provisional Government were captured, yet didn't offer any encounter. The MRC, notwithstanding, won over the help f the Peter/Paul stronghold, with its 100,000 rifles. This shows how Trotsky had additionally sorted out and executed the Bolsheviks’ takeover with incredible ability. Trotsky was a significant commitment as he was the coordinator and gave the Bolsheviks the military capacity to win against the Provisional Government, which wound up numbering more than 10,000. To finish up, Lenin†™s administration was essential to various regards. In any case, different factors, for example, Trotsky’s job, including his extraordinary hierarchical abilities, and the shortcoming of the Provisional Government, which helped increment Bolshevik help, are ostensibly increasingly significant. Lenin was a splendid speaker and amazing inside the gathering. Even with an assembled resistance among Zinoviev and Kamenev, Lenin was as yet ready to constrain his perspectives upon the gathering, which shows how nobody could contend with him. His two popular trademarks ‘All Power to the Soviets’ and ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ permitted Lenin to offer help to the Bolsheviks that they will have power. Nonetheless, Lenin was fortunate that the Bolsheviks’ rival, the Provisional Government, was feeble. There was little help for the Provisional Government inside the Petrograd. The Provisional Government neglected to handle the most noticeably terrible issues like the food deficiencies for instance. The Kornilov Affair likewise made political and military issues for the administration, which made transformation unavoidable. Besides, Trotsky assumed a much significant job as he gave the Bolsheviks the military force because of his hierarchical and timing abilities. Lenin helped the Bolsheviks prevail in the November 1917, yet just somewhat. 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American Developments 1860-77 essays

American Developments 1860-77 expositions During the timespan of 1860 1877, we battled to figure out what position we would expect on numerous dubious issues. Dark testimonial and the intensity of the national government against the intensity of the states were the two most conspicuous themes. The Constitution experienced critical changes, changes, and improvements, yet Americas society, however influenced by the Constitution, changed practically nothing. God preclude these progressions be called improvements. South Carolina undermined withdrawal since they were being denied numerous rights that were appointed to them by the Constitution. South Carolina and a superior part of the South felt that they had been denied their entitlement to claim slaves, on the grounds that the national government had surrendered it over to the states to choose their situation on subjugation through well known power. Afterward, after the republicans had full control of Congress, they passed various bills liberating and profiting the African-Americans. (Archive An, American Pageant, Document D) With what appeared to be a follow up on previous President Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, Congress passed the thirteenth amendment achieving what Lincoln proved unable, liberating all the slaves. Still not fulfilled, and longing for fairness the blacks got out for reasonable treatment and the fourteenth and fifteenth revisions were passed making African-Americans made essential residents and conceding them the option to cast a ballot. At the same time urging the states to permit freedmen to cast a ballot. For a brief timeframe period Congress appeared as though it was attempting all that it could to advance dark fairness. (American Pageant, Document H) The Freedmens Bureau was shaped to help the freedmen of the South secure positions as well as land to estate. There were likewise numerous supporters that attempted to assist blacks with using their recently discovered rights directing them in gain workplaces, arranging agreements, and casting a ballot. The scallywags and carpetbaggers inside these gatherings vowed to each liberated sl... <!

Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope

Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope PTSD Coping Print Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope Avoidance may work in the short-term but can cause more problems later By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 02, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Maskot / Getty Images Emotional avoidance is a common reaction to trauma. In fact, emotional avoidance is part of the avoidance cluster of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, serving as a way for people with PTSD to escape painful or difficult emotions. Avoidance refers to any action designed to prevent the occurrence of an uncomfortable emotion such as fear, sadness, or shame. For example, a person may try to avoid difficult emotions through the use of  substances  or  dissociation. Emotional avoidance may be effective in the short-term and can provide some temporary relief. In the long run, it often causes more harm as avoidance behaviors are associated with increased severity of PTSD symptoms. Avoidance Cluster Behavior The avoidance cluster of PTSD symptoms  is categorized as the attempt  to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings as well as external reminders such as conversations about the traumatic event or  people or places that bring the event to mind. Avoidance behaviors are effectively an effort to withdraw from situations and feelings that produce trauma-related symptoms. Moreover, people engaging in avoidance may have emotional numbing symptoms  such as  feeling distant from others, losing  interest in activities they used to enjoy, or having trouble  experiencing positive feelings such as happiness or love.  Avoiding emotional experiences is common among people who have PTSD. Emotional Avoidance in PTSD Research shows  that people with PTSD often try to avoid or “push away” their emotions, both emotions about a traumatic experience and emotions in general. In addition, it has been found that trying to avoid feeling emotions may make some PTSD symptoms worse or even contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms after experiencing a traumatic event.?? Why Emotional Avoidance Doesnt Work Emotions serve important psychological and physiological purposes. Your emotions provide you with information about yourself and the things going on around you. They communicate and motivate action. For example, fear tells you that you may be in danger; sadness tells you that you may need some time to take care of yourself or seek help from others. While emotional avoidance temporarily suppresses difficult emotions, the emotions youre trying to avoid may grow harder to ignore over time. Your emotions may “fight back” in an attempt to serve their functions. If someone is determined to avoid feeling their emotions, they may eventually turn to more drastic and unhealthy ways to avoid them, such as substance use.? Avoiding your emotions also takes considerable effort, and as the emotions you are avoiding grow stronger, more and more effort is needed to keep them at bay. As a result, little energy may be left for the important things in your life such as family and friends. In addition, using all your energy to avoid certain emotions may make it difficult to manage other experiences, such as frustration and irritation, making you more likely to be “on edge” and angry. Research has also suggested?? that avoidance coping leads to chronic worry. The Purpose of Emotions Management and Treatment of PTSD Symptoms The best way to start managing your symptoms is to develop healthier coping mechanisms that allow you to identify, accept, and process your emotions. Therapy can provide the opportunity to express and understand your emotions as well as examine the sources of those emotional responses. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) In addition to examining emotions connected directly to the traumatic event, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?? may address how certain thoughts or ways of evaluating a situation may be contributing to your emotions. Therapists who practice CBT typically focus on what is going on in the individuals current life, rather than past events, and the focus is on moving forward in time to devise more effective strategies for coping with life. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), on the other hand, focuses on breaking down avoidance and helping a person place their energy into living a meaningful life (and being willing to experience whatever emotions arise as a result).?? In order to produce psychological flexibility, ACT makes use of acceptance and mindfulness processes and commitment and behavior change processes. Social Support and Self-Monitoring Whichever therapy you choose, getting help can provide you with a safe place to express and approach your emotions. Seeking social support from trusted loved ones can also provide a safe way to express your emotions. Finally, writing about your feelings can also give you a safe and private way to release your deepest thoughts. If your emotions feel really unclear or unpredictable, self-monitoring may be a useful strategy for you. It can give you a sense of which situations bring out certain thoughts and feelings. Finally, if your emotions feel too strong, try distraction instead of avoidance. Distraction can be viewed as “temporary avoidance.” Do something to temporarily distract you from a strong negative emotion, such as reading a book, calling a trusted friend, or taking a bath. This may give the emotion some time to decrease in strength, making it easier to cope with. How to Reduce Avoidance in PTSD

The secret to success of East Asian economies Essay examples

Since the end of the second world war, many East Asian economies have seen a â€Å"miraculous† growth. And with so many other nations still in poverty, economists and leaders are turning their eyes towards the â€Å"East Asian tigers† to see if they can replicate their results. When looking at the facts it is obvious that the the circumstances facing the East Asian nations were quite different than the ones that nations face today. But outside of these differences a loose model of the East Asian miracle can be utilized in Third World nations today and, considering the high success rate of so many of the East Asian economies, would most likely see positive results. The secret to success of East Asian economies is the hand that the government has†¦show more content†¦This means that neither the pursuit of private profit for monopoly capitalists, nor the political agendas of big parties get in the way of the economic progress of the nations. This form of policy ca n only exist under a socialist-type state, where everything is centralized. The antitype of this would be again the Latin American economies where both dominant and lower classes pressure the government leading to a political equilibrium which translates into a stagnant economy (Kay, 2002:p.1086). As much as can be learned from the East Asian tigers, there are also a few particular factors without which these nations may not be where they are. One major factor to the growth of East Asian economies would be the Cold War and the fight against communism. Americas preoccupation with the USSR and the Korean War made it possible for Capitalist Asian countries, specifically Japan, to both promote and camouflage their own growth while manipulating the USA (Woo-Cummings,1999:p.55-56). Institutions such as the World Bank have attempted at â€Å"force-feeding† the same approaches throughout third world nations (Amsden, 1994:p.628). Of course this is more convenient than it is effective as it is simply impossible to expect identical results from a variety of different nations under differentShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Confucius Lives Next Door 1467 Words   |  6 PagesWashington Post from a small town in Colorado to the immensely populated Tokyo, Japan. The book is separated into eight chapters; The Other Miracle, Eastern Flavor, Pine Tree by the Rice Paddy, The Master King, Yodobashi No.6, Continuing Education, The secret Weapon, Too Much Freedom each telling a certain part of the story as it happens each chapter depicting a different concept. The topics of this book vary from food to education each stating their differences from America. While this book is writtenRead MoreJapan s Culture And Its Unique Geography Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesisland that is separated and isolated from other East Asian countries. 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What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before You're Left Behind The Foolproof Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Strategy Bear in mind that you've to summarize a paragraph so that you have to comprehend what the paragraph is all about and what it is attempting to communicate. Question marks go outside the last quotation mark in the event the full sentence asks the question. This also enables you to show your comprehension about it. In summarising written task there'll be a paragraph and you've got to summarize it in ONE Sentence. What You Should Do to Find Out About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Before You're Left Behind Among these things, the most crucial is regularly utilizing a FTCE practice test for an exercise to boost your familiarity to the examination along with learning tool. There are proven problem-solving steps that you can utilize. Excellent speed in typing will be an additional advantage. There are l ots of challenges that you should deal with in your test preparation and in using practice tests for the FTCE is you wish to pass the very first time. Read the review of to make sure this writing service is among the best on the internet inside this field and learn what criteria should be utilized in its evaluation. Speed is the principal core in the whole exam. More so, it can lead to a good deal of stress, frustration and disappointment. It can be useful, but much superior ones may exist. This has caused our confined knowledge and too little proper understanding of the planet. In reality, there's a larger problem. Because of this, it's inappropriate to concentrate on the number of problems each student has completed. Some students think of it as a chance to learn new things while some consider it like a burden. New Step by Step Roadmap for Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Today, all of the news things are dramatized and produced in an exaggerated method. Our subject experts are also readily available to answer any questions you might have. Life is about choices. Customers have many difficulties. Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 at a Glance Starting your assignment early will make sure that you remain calm and away from strain and anxiety throughout the conclusion of the job. There do not seem to be any limitations on the number of times each candidate can retake a test. Julie has failed the essay section of the exam four times earning the exact precise score every time. By most accounts, the very first year of teaching is frequently the most stressful. You should d efinitely take this service into account if you're new to the internet writing businesses. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance premiums. Every one of the employees are liable for payment of insurance. Participants aren't required to come to each session or stay for a whole session. No matter the reaction might be, students will definitely finish their coursework in such a manner that it touches the benchmark determined by their professors. Naturally, each one of these students need individual attention and a personalized learning program. You are going to need an innovative strategy. With an open-ended assignment, there's a much increased emphasis on working correctly rather than working quickly. Because of this, it's important for a teacher to produce an individualized education plan for gifted students. When forced to go at a slower pace and adhere to exactly the same instructional path as the remainder of the class, an extremely gifted student might become bored and quit participating. All About Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Writing coursework isn't a kid's play. Sociology essays handle the study of human social behavior in a society, therefore, it is quite interesting for the students who want to know more about human psyche but boring for people who don't like studying their species. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to choose a great topic for their assignment. Choosing Good Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 Affairs of the com pany Earth, world of education etc are preferred by only a particular group of individuals. Because information from the pilot test is only going to be utilised to appraise the test products, score information won't be provided. No information that could identify a specific individual will be published. For more data on the FTCEs, check out the Florida Department of Education site. The Lost Secret of Ftce General Knowledge Essay Topics 2017 You need to understand what passingmeans. There are 39 unique SAEs. Admit it is difficult. You will be supplied a text box.

The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life Free Essays

The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life is as complex as the structure of modern societies. In fact, city can be seen as a miniature version of a smaller society within a larger one, as most people living in cities tend to strongly identify themselves with them. And if we take into account the fact that in the Western world the percentage of city dwellers in contrast to people living in the countryside is continuing to grow due to the process of urbanisation (Hayward, 2004, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life or any similar topic only for you Order Now 17-18), the phenomenon of city as a of dominant life style of humans deserves the most attentive examination. In particular, the urgent topic in the study of the ways in which city functions is the problem of its inner structure and dynamics in light of the often voiced concerns that the contemporary city is becoming more fractured and polarised than ever. The disturbing degree of this polarisation can be appreciated with the help of the so-called ‘dual city theory’, which, among other things, aims to show how the changes in economy, such as the removal of most of manufacturing jobs from the urban areas coupled with the state`s minimal involvement into the social sphere, lead to significant changes in the social structure of modern cities â€Å"in which the richer get richer, the poorer more poor and the middle classes are shrinking† (Holt-Jensen, 2002, p.3). Still, even without this socio-economic aspect of the city life, there is a plenty of reasons why the contemporary city may become fractured. One of them is the presence of ethnic sub-groups in many cities that occupy distinct areas and in this way in essence form isolated cultural islands. This peculiarity of many modern cities is reinforced by the more traditional but very important division between their functional parts, such as historical districts, usually attractive for tourists, downtown, industrial areas, and bedroom communities. This internal structure also inevitably shapes the economic and social structure of cities, as being historically perpetuated this type of division forms corresponding social patterns, represented by correspondence of a certain city district to a certain social class of people inhabiting it. As a sad example of such a firm correspondence may serve districts with the increased criminal activity, which cannot be exterminated by any legal enforcements. As the result of the working of the mentioned factors, it is indeed possible to say that the contemporary city in many respects resembles a fractured and polarized environment, in which it is possible for people to feel themselves lonely even in the crowd (Clarke, 2003, pp.192-195). By the way, speaking about specific problems stemming from the high density of population in most modern cities, such as ubiquitous traffic jams or the issue of environmental pollution, it is worth to mention that it is perhaps one of the unifying factors for all the city communities as such challenges require a coherent and unanimous action. Also, in relation to the positive roles that cities play in the modern world, it should be said that in their frames a lot of opportunities exist for the cultural exchange and development, so that cities can be seen as miniature melting pots of languages and cultures. As we can see, the view that the contemporary city is becoming more fractured and polarised is indeed not devoid of the truth. However, it seems safe to claim that this is happening not so much due to the peculiarities of the life in cities as such, but rather due to the natural processes of social interaction. Thus, city is an environment in which all the forms of social change are just manifested and amplified in a very clear form. Sources Clarke, D., B. (2003). Consumer Society and the Postmodern City. Routledge Hayward, K. (2004). City Limits: Crime, Consumer Culture and the Urban Experience. How to cite The phenomenon of city as a symbol of a modern way of life, Essay examples

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay Example

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay From reading both of the poems I can see that both of the poems describe how they have either lost or are losing part of their identity. Identity can mean anything from our age, gender, race, personality, religion, social position, language or even personality. Identity is either what makes a person different from other people but some elements of your identity might make you the same as other people such as your nationality or religion. Some of our identity can be set at birth and cant be changed in anyway this could be race. Whereas other elements such as social position can continuously change throughout your life. Some changes in or identity we welcome and some we dont. Both of these poems explore changes in their identity. In Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan the young female is telling us how she is changing in the way that she lives and dresses whereas in Search for My Tongue the poet I telling us how she is losing her identity by the loss of her first language. We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Search for my Tongue comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two poems are laid out quiet differently, although they both use variable line length. In Presents from Pakistan the lines start all over the place and there is no certain point at which they have to start. In Search for My Tongue all the beginnings of the lines start at one place this is because the poem is left justified. This gives Search for My Tongues a stronger rhythm than it would have if it wasnt left justified, whereas Present from my Aunts in Pakistan gives us a feeling that she is confused and doesnt know where to start. I dont feel as if either of the poems have a rhymes this is because they do not contain rhyming couplets or any rhythmic devices. Presents from My Aunts In Pakistan seems to be much more like a conversation with either herself or with a close friend, but Search for My Tongue seems much more like a letter of complaint. In the case of Search fore My Tongue the poet uses her mother tongue and Cyrillic writing and English character in her language. This emphasises both of the tongues. In Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan she is often putting the adjective after the noun. This defers from the standard English language. In both of the poems there is lots of punctuation missing. Both of these poets dont feel as if the punctuation is really important to emphasis the problems about their identity. Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan tells us where she comes from whereas Search for My Tongue dont tell us where she came from and leaves it a mystery. The words used in the poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan are more vibrant than words used in the poem Search for My tongue. This is intended to give you a mental image of the clothes and the place at which as is living in. In Search For My Tongue the words tend to be darker and angrier this is so we can understand how she is feeling. Your mother tongue would Rot, Rot and die in your mouth as you can see these words are powerful and meaningful this is show we draw attention to what she is saying. Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan explores the theme of identity and places remembered, but Search For My Tongue explores the theme of identity through language and continues to use an extended metaphor throughout the poem by talking about a flower blossoming in her mouth when she is able to speak her mother tongue and explain how a flower dying in her mouth is what it feels like when she in un-able to speak with her mother tongue. Search for My Tongue uses cultural-specific words separate from the rest of the standard English used in the poem. This is to make sure that we pay more attention to the poem and try to understand why she has done it. In Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan she uses the cultural-specific words all over the place as if she doesnt know she is doing it and she expects you to know what the words mean already. An example of this would be Salwer Kameez which would mean nothing to a young English person but means a traditional garment to the people living in Pakistan. In the poem Search for My Tongue the words Spit It is a slight use of assonance, but there is no other in this poem. There is a miner use of alliteration in Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan such as Satin-Silken and Costume Clung. This makes these words stand out from the rest catching out eye. Neither of these poems contain personification. The feelings of the authors of the poems are similar in the way that they are sad about the loss of part of their identity. Search for My Tongue is asking the reader if she thinks they are to blame because she has lost part of her identity and isnt who she once was . This comes across to me as if she is saying How would you like it if this had happened to you?. She is very angry and doesnt blame herself for what has happened to her. The poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is a much friendlier. It is like she is looking for help and is explaining her problem to us hoping that we can help her. Presents from my Aunts is explaining the situation. This means that all she is doing is talking to us but in Search for My Tongue is Telling us. This makes me feel as I am in trouble and that it is my fault for her identity problem. I feel as if the female writing Search for my Tongue is older than the poet who has written Presents From Aunts in Pakistan. This is due to the language used to write the poem and how the two poets express the way in which they feel about their situation. Both of these poems were interesting and were enjoyable to read. With the poem Search for My Tongue I as able to empathise because I feel the same about me losing my Scottish accent. I feel as if Search for My Tongues has a stronger contrast out of the two poems this is due to the fact that I think the poet is a stronger person and is able to deal with her situation on her own whereas the poet for Present From My aunts in Pakistan is not able to cope with her situation on her own. I felt as if Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is easier for me to understand due to the language used in the poem. This is because the poet is a teenager like myself and I am able to see where she is coming from about having to were a piece of clothing which she is uncomfortable with. I can understand where Moniza Alvi is coming from because I feel I have the same problem with having to wear a school uniform even If I do not want to. These two poems made me think more about identity, I have learnt that identity can play an important part in our life and that we shouldnt take it for granted because one day you may lose part of it and may never be able to regain it.

Chesapeake Energy Company

Chesapeake Energy Company Chesapeake Energy Company is a natural gas producer (CSRHUB 1). The corporation incorporates its actions and possesses immense compression, midstream, oilfield and drilling properties. Oklahoma City is where the head office of the company is located. Chesapeake holds principal places in Marcellus, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays (CSRHUB 2).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Chesapeake Energy Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In April 2011, the corporation experienced an explosion, which caused deaths of three personnel and made poisonous fracking liquids flow into Pennsylvania farmland, Bradford County, and a close by the stream. The corporation was condemned for its fracking actions, which violated the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). Since then, the company has h ad to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Regulatory Response Mechanism; Structures and Issues Following this happening, Chesapeake willingly suspended conclusion actions in the Eastern Division to carry out an assessment of the reliability of similar wellheads. Each wellhead in the assessment was disintegrated so that the apparatus could be studied and pressure examined. Currently, Chesapeake has dedicated itself to assessing water sources and the soil, in addition to presenting regular information, to DEP. The corporation has decided to make use of local well-control experts, for future reasons. Chesapeake has planned to work intimately with DEP to devise a plan for re-establishment of the site. For upcoming processes, Chesapeake has employed transformations in its omission of the service providers, who gather and assess well heads. Qualifications of contract workers will be assessed carefully, and broad citations for all stages of pressure assessment and tools calibration will be needed. International Lobbying Chesapeake Energy has lobbied the legislature on hydraulic fracturing (Business week 1). It also used $720,000 in the last quarter to hall the national regime on weather transformation and natural gas concerns (Business week 1). This was a 19% increase from the amount that was used in the third quarter.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hydraulic fracturing entails instilling enormous quantities of sand, water and other compounds in the ground so as to release enormous natural gas stores. By use of this technique, Chesapeake has emerged to be a leading gas producer. It asserts that the practice is secure. In addition, Chesapeake has pressed for larger utilization of natural gas si nce it emits less hazardous substances than coal and other fuels. The multi Stakeholder Environment of Business Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Globalization and the Multinational Firm The main office of the company is located in Oklahoma City. Chesapeake operates many oil plays including Marcellus, Mississippi Lime, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Pearsall, Eagle Ford, Cleveland, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays. These operating regions are typified by long-lasting oil and natural gas reserves, recognized production potential and plentiful growth openings. The life Cycle of Social Issues A life cycle scrutiny denotes the carbon footprint of an exacting production fuel basis over its total manufacture, incineration and dumping cycle, instead of investigating the GHG emissions formed by igniting the fuel to produce electricity. Examining the GHG emissions created to produce electricity, for instance, natural gas is usually said to be about two times cleaner than coal. Corporate Social Responsibility Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. It also pledges to go on delivering sustainable productions to its members via excellent economic performance. Social Influences; Non-Governmental Organizations and their Effects on Business Operations The US State of Maryland, RepRisk and local groups, are among the non-governmental organizations that influence the business operations of Che sapeake. The US State of Maryland accused the corporation early this year for infringing several environmental Acts. RepRisk argues against the hydraulic fracturing method used by Chesapeake. Local societies argue that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Chesapeake Energy Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other non-governmental organizations that raised concerns included Union of Concerned Scientists, the Nature Conservancy and the Wilderness Society. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Social Influences; Socially Responsible Investing Socially responsible investing explains an investment approach which attempts to exploit the fiscal profit and communal well being. Chesapeake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage e nvironmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Anatomy of a Corporate Campaign Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America. The objective of this campaign is to support transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy (Chesapeake Energy 3). First, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable federal reasons, in order to hasten the production of CNG-powered automobiles. Second, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable national and state reasons, in order to lay CNG dispensing entities at about 20% of the current service centers. Finally, it seeks to institute bipartisan backing for the expansion of the presented $1,000 national tax credit for the fitting of in-home CNG dispensing entities, which are linked to the current home gas lines. Codes of Conduct Chesapeake Energy Company and its subdivisions are dedicated to high values of moral behavior. Managers and workers of the corporation are required to abide by all pertinent rules, and to operate with sincerity and honor when executing duties at the corporation. The Code of conduct is divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. In its endeavors to promote excellent corporate citizenship, the corporation expects all its workers to conform to all policies of the company. Governance in the Sustainable Corporation The Board of Directors is liable for the supervision of the company and its dealings (Chesapeake Energy 2). This responsibility is normally executed by a senior administration team, which is entrusted with managing the daily acti ons of the company, in addition to implementing the proposed, business objectives and policies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Board counsels, confers with and supervises the work of the leading management group. The Chief Executive Officer is accountable for instituting efficient infrastructure with stakeholder societies including members, clients, affiliates, the public, creditors, suppliers, states, supervisory bodies and corporate allies. It is the rule of the company that executive communicates for the firm. The corporate has instituted plans to train workers and hearten them to be brand representatives of positive corporation icons. Environmental Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has been condemned for its fracking actions, which violate a number of environmental policies (Chesapeake Energy 5). Early this year, the US State of Maryland litigated the corporation for infringing the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). This was in reaction to a massive spill that took place on April 19, 2011 causing many gallons of fracki ng fluid to run into Towanda Creek (Natural Gas Watch 2). Social Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has also been condemned for assumed infringements on occupational wellbeing and protection. Early this year, an explosion at the Chesapeake hurt three personnel. The event apparently happened while they were transmitting water that was employed in the fracking procedure. Lately, Chesapeake was investigated, in South Africa, for its concern in shale discovery, in the Karoo Reserve (Chesapeake Energy 5). Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation would endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium of the reserve. In conclusion, the April 19 explosion at a natural gas well run by Chesapeake Energy has been a significant issue of concern. Since then, the company has had to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA). Chesapeake Energy lobbied for the legislature on hydraulic fracturing, in the last quarter of the year. Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Chesap eake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage environmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America, which aims at supporting transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy. The Codes of conduct at Chesapeake Energy are divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. Business Week. †Chesapeake Energy spent $720,000 Lobbying in 4Q.† The Associated Press, 26 March 2010. Web. Chesapeake Energy. Chesapeake Energy Corporation Unveils National Campaign to Encourage Switch from Foreign Oil to Am erican Natural Gas in U.S. Transportation Sector. Web.. CSRHUB. Chesapeake Energy Corporation. Web. Natural Gas Watch. What Really Happened at the Chesapeake Blowout? Web.

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production- to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society. Thomas Lohnes / Getty Images Superstructure Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society. It includes culture, ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs), norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so, justifies the power of the ruling class. From a sociological standpoint, it’s important to recognize that neither the base nor the superstructure is naturally occurring, nor are they static. They are both social creations (created by people in a society), and both are the accumulation of social processes and interactions between people that are constantly playing out, shifting, and evolving. Extended Definition Marx theorized that the superstructure effectively grows out of the base and that it reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls the base (called the â€Å"bourgeoisie† in Marx’s time). In The German Ideology, written with Friedrich Engels, Marx offered a critique of Hegel’s theory of how society operates, which was based on principles of Idealism. Hegel asserted that ideology determines social lifethat the reality of the world around us is determined by our mind, by our thoughts. Historical Shifts to a Capitalist Mode of Production Considering historical shifts in relations of production, most importantly, the shift from feudalist to capitalist production, Marx was not content with Hegel’s theory. He believed that the shift to a capitalist mode of production had sweeping implications for the social structure, culture, institutions, and ideology of society- that it reconfigured the superstructure in drastic ways. He posed instead a â€Å"materialist† way of understanding history (â€Å"historical materialism†), which is the idea that the material conditions of our existence, what we produce in order to live and how we go about doing so, determines all else in society. Building on this idea, Marx posed a new way of thinking about the relationship between thought and lived reality with his theory of the relationship between base and superstructure. Importantly, Marx argued that this is not a neutral relationship. There is a lot at stake in the way the superstructure emerges out of the base, because as the place where norms, values, beliefs, and ideology reside, the superstructure serves to legitimate the base. The superstructure creates the conditions in which the relations of production seem right, just, or even natural, though, in reality, they may be deeply unjust, and designed to benefit only the minority ruling class, rather than the majority working class. Marx argued that religious ideology that urged people to obey authority and work hard for salvation in the afterlife was a way in which superstructure justifies the base because it generates an acceptance of one’s conditions as they are. Following Marx, Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of education in training people to obediently serve in their designated roles in the division of labor, depending upon into which class they were born. Marx and Gramsci also wrote about the role of the state- the political apparatus- in protecting the interests of the ruling class. In recent history, state bailouts of collapsing private banks is an example of this. Early Writing In his early writing, Marx was very committed to the principles of historical materialism, and the related one-way causal relationship between base and superstructure. However, as his theory evolved and grew more complex over time, Marx reframed the relationship between base and superstructure as dialectical, meaning that each influences what happens in the other. Thus, if something changes in the base, it causes changes in the superstructure, and vice versa. Marx believed in the possibility of a revolution among the working class because he thought that once workers realized the extent to which they were exploited and harmed for the benefit of the ruling class, then they would decide to change things, and a significant change in the base, in terms of how goods are produced, by whom, and on what terms, would follow.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection Paper - Essay Example This is actually a great marketing tool to help customers identify with and makes them want to support businesses with their business needs. Amdocs Corporation is actively involved in many citizen oriented activities throughout the world. They especially reach out and contribute to programs and activities involving children, people with disabilities, and, the poor people and communities where resources for survival aren’t as available. They are actively involved in food and equipment drives, education and mentoring, and drawing attention to community needs. This made an impression on me because the article I read talked about them doing many good things to help people in ways that are more humanitarian instead of business oriented. People who work for Amdocs are part of these communities also; it makes them feel that their company supports them by being actively involved in helping the community. Not only does Amdocs contribute funding support, but it also contributes thousand s of hours of community service to help bridge the gap between what is needed and what the community can provide for itself. Amdocs received a special recognition as being one of the top 100 companies to provide community outreach and service. (Amdocs, 2011) My community service project experience was spent with Faith, Hope, and Love, International, Inc. in Indianapolis. It is a multi- cultural faith based organization that began in Indianapolis in 2005. Their main vision is to make an impact on the neighborhoods surrounding them to increase the social, economic, and spiritual qualities of life for the people they serve. They are actively involved in faith based outreach ministries as well as supporting foreign missions and families with donations. They also have a food bank that helps people locally who are struggling to find enough food in the local community during this time of economic hardship. Their goal is to break down the walls of separation between ethnic and religious com munities to show caring, support and concern for all as the strong arm of their faith based ministry. I found this organization by looking through the list I got from class. I didn’t really know anything about them, but the name sounded good to me. I learned a lot about volunteerism from this experience; how even the smallest assistance makes a big impact. Non-profit organizations can always use an extra hand to help handle the heavy loads they carry. When people volunteer their time and energy to help these organizations, it frees up the administrative people to do more important tasks associated with enlarging their outreach to the communities. Some of the smaller organizations, like the one I chose, have minimal numbers of staff to perform a lot of duties. There was only one couple at the ministry in charge of everything and I helped them as much as I could by performing three services during my volunteer stay there. I helped organize food and supplies at the food storage bank. We had to keep like items together to make it easier for the workers to pack the bags for when people arrived to get their food packages. We also had to make sure the donated foods and their containers were in good condition and did not have expired dates. They asked me to help send out postcards thanking donors for their contributions as well as ones to local businesses and other faith communities asking for support. I sent out around 300 postcards which were hand addressed and stamped. I also

Evaluate the main Problems Associated with Using Plastic Bags Essay

Evaluate the main Problems Associated with Using Plastic Bags - Essay Example As the report stresses in India non-biodegradable bags result in long-lasting litter at landfill sites. This is especially dangerous to wildlife away from areas of human population. Collecting plastic bags is not profitable for waste pickers in India, and this leads to plastic bags continuing to create a major threat to the environment. As a consequence the landscape of India is dominated by litter from plastic bags. Presently, plastic accounts for an estimated 10 percent of generated waste. This paper discusses that some of the litter that does not end up in landfills results in blocked drains and choked soil. Plastic bags are light and so they lead to blocked drains which results in water logging and nuisance to citizens. They can also lead to choked soil because they are non-porous, and do not permit the free flow of water and air, hence causing plants to choke. The rotting waste from pits generates methane. The toxins present are dissolved, permeates the soil and pollutes groundwater during monsoon rains. Plastic bags are photo-degradable instead of bio-degradable – which means that they break down into small toxic bits. This results in the contamination of the ground and waterways. This becomes a heath hazard to humans, animals, marine life and plant life. Suffocation as a result of plastic bag is not uncommon, especially in Malaysia. There have been accidental deaths, both among small children who play with shopping bags and adolescents who are solvent abuse rs. There have been instances of homicide cases, and the victims are invariably infants or adults who are frail or terminally ill and are not able to struggle or show resistance (Perez-Martinez et al 1993). Impact on plants, animal and marine life In India dumping grounds are filled, levelled off and converted into parks. Owing to the fact that the soil was predominantly plastic bags, the trees were not able to anchor firmly into the ground. The flora is destroyed due to the uprooting of trees from the high velocity winds that blow over the city during the

Economic Policy In Sweden During The Great Depression Economics Essay

Economic Policy In Sweden During The Great Depression Economics Essay When the Great Depression swept across Europe in the early 1930s the impact of the economic downturn varied across countries. While for example Germany, Austria and most of Central Europe experienced a long and deep economic crisis, the economies of the Nordic countries Sweden, Denmark and Norway were not only affected later and more mildly by the Depression, but also recovered earlier. The crisis in Sweden for example only lasted a little more than two years (in Germany and Poland it lasted for more than 4 years, see graph 1) and peak decline in industrial production was at 10.3% while for example Germany or Poland had declines in industrial production of more than 40% (see graph 2). Even when looking at comparable GDP figures, Sweden was with a decline of 6.5% well below countries such as Germany (25%) or Austria (23.4%, see graph 3). Moreover and of greater interest for this paper is the fact that Sweden did not only perform better during the Great Depression but also pursued a different economic policy. Most prominently cited amongst economic historians are two distinctly Swedish policy measures: First, looking at Swedens monetary policy, scholars point out, that the country left the gold standard very early and unique at that time simultaneously put the preservation of the domestic purchasing power of the krona on top of the political agenda. Second, it is often mentioned, that the Social-Democratic government, which came into power in 1932, invested heavily in public work programmes following a Keynesian-type fiscal policy. The present paper seeks to analyse whether these two factors are a) sufficient and b) withstand a closer empirical evaluation when it comes to explain the better development of Sweden during the Great Depression. In order to do so, the paper will, as a first step, outline the economic situation in Sweden and the corresponding economic policy prior to the crisis. This is necessary, as it provides an overview of the nature of Swedens economy, its degree of integration into the international market and accordingly its general contagion risk at the time of the crisis. Secondly, the above mentioned policy measures during the Great Depression will be outlined. Thirdly and most central in this paper is an analyses of the effectiveness and consequences of these policy measures. The last chapter will then draw the attention to other factors outside the control of government policy that might have helped Sweden to ease the effects of the Great Depression. Literature Immune to crisis? Swedens economic development prior to the Great Depression Even though Swedens macro-economic policy is often seen as the major contributor to the countries positive development during the Great Depression, one must not fail to see, that some of the reasons for this development are rather to be found in specific characteristics of Swedens economy prior to 1929/31 than in any explicit policy measure thereafter. Two pre-existing conditions can be outlined, that seemed to have stabilized the economy during the crisis. Firstly, a constantly undervalued krona made Swedish exports cheap on the international market. Secondly, the banking sector in Sweden was centralized and crisis-prone. Thus, a banking panic never occurred. The following paragraphs explain these specifically Swedish conditions in greater detail. Traditionally, Swedens economy was based on the countrys rich endowments of iron and timber. Its main trading partner was Britain and later on Germany and the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century Sweden also became a major exporter of technologically sophisticated goods such as telephones (e.g. Ericsson) or appliances (e.g. Electrolux). As Sweden was at least on paper a neutral power during World War I (WWI) many investors sought to acquire Swedish assets at that time, as the country seemed to be a safe haven for capital. Additionally, by mainly exporting raw materials, Sweden could take advantage of the increase in foreign demand for those goods caused by WWI. By the end of the war Sweden had transformed from a major international borrower to a creditor to the rest of the world. While the export industry could profit from these developments, inflation increased mainly due to increasing costs for imports. Between 1915 and 1918 the cost of living rose by as much a s 90%. This inflation was eventually condemned between 1920 and 1924 when prices declined by 55% due to a restrictive monetary policy. After 1924 a slower, but persistent deflation continued until 1931. With such low domestic prices, Sweden was highly competitive on the international market. That is why during most of the 1920s Sweden experienced a strong export-led economic growth. This is why after WWI Sweden reinstated the gold standard as one of the first industrialized countries in 1924. Many economic historians believe that this return to the gold standard occurred at a rate that left the krona undervalued well into the 1930s. As a consequence Swedish exports remained highly competitive even in times of economic crisis. The domestic market also stabilized during the 1920s. Due to export bans and high import taxes during and after WWI, Swedish consumers, whose purchasing power constantly increased during the 1920s, substituted imports with domestic products. Additionally, demographics played a role. During the 1920s and 1930s there was a rapid rise in the number of young people of working age (especially those aged 20-29). Respectively, demand for housing, food, clothes and other consumer products increased which contributed to a strong growth of domestic production as well. When the stock market crash of October 29, 1929, triggered the Great Depression, another factor for Swedens low proneness to crises became obvious. Swedens banking structure was very concentrated. This was much in contrast to for example the United States, where the banking structure was highly fragmented and decentralized. According to Ben Bernanke, such a structure is much more likely to cause banking panics. Sweden however was characterized by a branch banking system, where risks were dispersed. It is argued that especially in the case of Sweden, earlier experiences with failing banks in the 1920s had led to reforms that had put the banking system on a sound footing. That is why at the beginning of the 1930s the banking sector in Sweden did not experience widespread panics. Putting all these facts together, it can be argued, that Sweden was from the very beginning less likely to be effected by the Great Depression than those countries whose banking sector collapsed. This especially holds true when considering the fact that trust in the economy never vanished in Sweden due to a generally stable banking structure. Additionally, even though exports declined from 1931 until 1932, Swedens export industry always remained highly competitive. This was not least due to an undervalued krona, whose parity remained stable well into the 1930s. Nevertheless, analyzing the characteristics of Swedens economy prior to the Great Depression only answers part of the question to why Sweden performed considerably better during the crisis than other nations. Especially when Sweden left the gold standard in 1931, specific policy measures as described in chapter two played an equally significant role. What was so special? Swedens response to the Great Depression Prior to the Great Depression, the political mainstream of the Western industrialized world followed a laissez-faire ideology that propagated the free play of the market. It was believed that capitalism had a self-equilibrating tendency, leading to an optimal level of resource utilization. Hence, economic policy at that time simply meant that governments should balance their budget, maintain the gold standard and let businesses reequilibrate themselves. However, while many countries had to reconsider their economic policies during the Great Depression, Sweden had already made this step beforehand. During the late 1920s, Swedens economic policy was already based on the advice of trained economists who did not solely propagate the contemporary neo-classical view on economics but rather pursued their own theories on how the state should react during an economic crisis. This so called Stockholm School was a loose group of economists whose most important figures were Knut Wicksell, Eli He ckscher, Gustav Bagge, Bertil Ohlin and David Davidson. Especially Knut Wicksells findings at the beginning of the 20th century inspired most of the works of his followers. Wicksell is best known for Interest and Prices, his contribution to the fledgling field now called macroeconomics. In this book and in his 1906 Lectures in Political Economy, volume 2, Wicksell sketched out his version of the quantity theory of money (monetarism). The standard view of the quantity theory before Wicksell was that increases in the money supply have a direct effect on prices-more money chasing the same amount of goods. Wicksell focused on the indirect effect. In elaborating this effect, Wicksell distinguished between the real rate of return on new capital (Wicksell called this the natural rate of interest) and the actual market rate of interest. He argued that if the banks reduced the rate of interest below the real rate of return on capital, the amount of loan capital demanded would increase and the amount of saving supplied would fall. Investment, which equaled saving before the interest rate fell, would exceed saving at the lower rate. The increase in investment woul d increase overall spending, thus driving up prices. This cumulative process of inflation would stop only when the banks reserves had fallen to their legal or desired limit, whichever was higher. In laying out this theory, Wicksell began the conversion of the old quantity theory into a full-blown theory of prices. The Stockholm school, of which Wicksell was the father figure, ran with this insight and developed its own version of macroeconomics. In some ways this version resembled later Keynesian economics. Wicksell also argued passionately for making price stability the supreme goal of monetary policy. A stable price level, he maintained, made planning easier for participants in both financial and labour markets. In an 1898 analysis, Wicksells key recommendation for central banks was to increase interest rates whenever prices were rising and to lower them when prices were falling-a monetary policy that he considered to be straightforward. He argued that low interest rates would tend to increase prices. A low rate of interest would lead a borrower to buy some commodity which otherwise he would not have bought at all and would lead someone who wishes temporarily to keep some or all of his goods off the market . . . [to ask ] . . . the Bank for money with which to meet his immediate or pending liabilities without having to sell his goods. Thus, demand would rise and supply would fall, thereby ensuring an increase in prices.18 This meant that the stabilization of prices required only that interest rates be increased when prices were rising and reduced when prices were falling. Wicksell stressed that movements in the price level exerted a particularly large effect on borrowers because an increase in all prices made it easier to repay debts while a reduction made it harder. He also noted that real wages could be affected if nominal wages (in kronor) did not keep up with changes in prices. Even though Wicksell died in 1926 his followers such as Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin, Gustav Cassel and Gunnar Myrdal, could build upon his theoretical work and formulate concrete policy advice in 1931, when the Great Depression finally reached Sweden. The following paragraphs reveal how their influence and advice on the Swedish central bank (Riksbank) and on the political elite helped Sweden through the crisis. Monetary policy During the early months of 1931, Sweden was the recipient of capital inflows. However, the German standstill led many international investors to withdraw their funds from Sweden both because they lacked access to their German funds and because they feared that the crisis would spread. These withdrawals contributed to a drastic reduction in Swedish reserves. By September of 1931, reserves had fallen to less than one-tenth of their January level. Similar pressure was placed on the British financial system, and on September 21, Britain abandoned the gold standard. On September 27 Sweden, too, abandoned the gold standard. The Riksbank and the minister of finance immediately announced that the new monetary goal for the country would be to preserve the domestic purchasing power of the krona using all available means. The next day, September 28, the Riksdag gave its official assent by relieving the Riksbank of its responsibility to convert notes into gold at a fixed rate. People who wished to exchange kronor for foreign exchange could still do so at commercial banks, whose representatives met daily (along with a Riksbank official) to set exchange rates. In making price stability the primary objective of its monetary policy, Sweden pursued an internationally unique agenda. Based on Knut Wicksells argument that stable price levels made planning easier for participants in both financial and labor market, the Riksbank new role was to maintain price levels within a certain range. In order to do so, the first step the Riksbank undertook was to develop a new, weekly index of consumer prices. This was necessary as the goal was to give the public certain definite stand points for estimating future developments in prices. Consequently, the new index was designed to include a wide range of goods and services that reflected purchases made by average families in Sweden. This ensured that the purchasing power of the Krona could be measured for most individuals correctly. The weekly inflation was then computed by weighing the percent change in each good and service consumed by the fraction of total consumer expenditure that households allocated to this item. Instruments used by the Riksbank in order to fulfill the price stability target were changes in the discount rate and operations in the foreign exchange market. Accordingly, the Riksbank changed the discount rate from 8% to 6% in 1931 as there were no longer signs for a continuing inflation. After that, the discoun t rate was lowered to 2.5% in 0.5% steps until 1937. In retro perspective the monetary policy of the Riksbank proved to be very effective. Statistics show a considerably stable level of consumer prices between 1931 and 1938 (see graph 7). Most importantly however is the fact, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the monetary program of 1931 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ maintained public trust and confidence in the banking sector. One can therefore conclude, that not only did the centralized branch system of the banking structure prevented Sweden from the experience of a fully scaled banking panic, but also a sound monetary policy based on the theoretical findings of the Stockholm School. Nevertheless, the price stabilizing policy of the Riksbank did not remain unchallenged. For example, Bertil Ohlin, who wrote an article entitled The inadequacy of price stabilization. There he acknowledged that the economic situation would most undoubtedly have been still worse if prices had been allowed to fall as they did in countries that kept to the old gold parity, and that the knowledge that the Riksbank would endeavor by every means in its power to prevent any appreciable fall in prices has exercised a reassuring influence on trade. However, Ohlin went on to argue that stabilization of prices could not prevent reductions in investment and hence in GDP. The next chapter explains how this argument was also put forward by the Social Democrats in 1932. Public deficit spending In the 1932 elections, the Social Democrats obtained the highest number of votes and formed a government. The new minister of finance, Ernst Wigforss, held that a monetary policy focused on price stability was insufficient to obtain an acceptable outcome for Sweden. The new finance minister had long championed the idea of intentional deficit spending in recessions. Wigforss had been a professor of linguistics at Lund before he became one of the leading intellectuals of the Social Democratic Party, and he worked closely with a number of Swedish economists, including Gunnar Myrdal, Erik Lindahl, and Bertil Ohlin. The group developed theories justifying the use of fiscal policy as a stabilization tool that were quite similar to those developed by John Maynard Keynes. In a 1928 article, for example, Wigforss wrote: If I want work for 100 people I do not need to put all 100 to work. . . . [I]f I can get an unemployed tailor work, he will get the opportunity to buy himself new shoes and in this way an unemployed shoemaker will get work. . . . This crisis is characterized above all by a relationship which is called a vicious circle. . . . One can say the crisis drives itself once it begins, and it [will] be the same once recovery begins. Wigforsss advocacy of deficit spending in response to the Depression was a radical departure from the policies of previous governments. Prior to 1933, government borrowing was primarily limited to loans for productive purposes, that is, for investments that would generate future government revenue, such as the postal service, telephones, electrical power generation, and railroads. Income derived from these activities would then cover the interest payments on the public debt while also generating additional income for the state.36 In contrast, nonproductive government expenditure was supposed to be paid for with current government revenues. Since it was impossible to predict current revenues or nonproductive expenditures accurately, Sw eden had reserve funds that accumulated any unanticipated surpluses. These funds were then available to cover unanticipated deficits. In the fiscal years 1931-1932 and 1932-1933, for example, the budget was balanced by reducing the reserves of the Alcoholic Drink Account. Thus, while budget deficits in the modern sense occurred, they were not acknowledged, and they were not the result of any policy aimed specifically at creating or allowing a deficit. One of the more controversial issues amongst economic historians is the questions whether public deficit spending and public work programs really helped Sweden out of the economic slump or whether they were merely a side note during the Great Depression. The reason for that is that the coming to power of the Social Democrats in 1932 are widely perceived as a turning point in Swedens economic policy and sometimes even as the global birth of modern macro-economic policy. However, empirical evidence proving that a special Social Democratic economic policy caused Swedens quick recovery is scarce. As a matter of fact, the debate about the future fiscal policy of Sweden under Social Democratic rule already circled around issues much similar to those that John Maynard Keynes dealt with four years later in his magnum opus the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Swedens financial minister Ernst Wigforss argued that price stabilization would not be enough to fight the depression. He rather proposed a public work program designed to put unemployed back to work even if this meant budget deficits. Much like the policy advocating stable prices, this one was again based on advice put forward by contemporary economists. This was a radical departure from the policies of previous governments. A balanced budget had always been the highest maxim. Usually, government loans were only used for investments that were expected to generate future profits such as postal services, railroads or electric power supply. All other nonproductive expenditures were paid for by reserves the government had built up. Unsurprisingly, this radical change in policy went not without fierce debate and controversy in parliament. The first unbalanced budget proposed by Wigforss for the years 1933 and 1934 was criticized for causing inflation and depriving businesses of capital necessary for their development. To counter these arguments, the Social Democrats moved away from financing public wor k programs through deficits and proposed an inheritance tax used to finance their plans. Additionally, the Agrarian Party did not agree to the budget as they feared a negligence of the population working in the agrarian sector. As a consequence, the Social Democrats had to include high subsidy payments for the agricultural sector in the budget. When it finally passed the parliament in 1933 much of the planned deficit spending policy had disappeared. Moreover, most of the funds still allocated to public work programs could not be put to use as a nationwide lockout of employees in the construction sector blockaded the building industry. This lockout took place because the employer association SAF wanted to enforce lower wages for the industry. This conflict was solved in 1934 and only then could the government finally make use of the allocated funds for public works. Did they find the Holy Grail? The effects of Swedens economic policy Renowned economist and chairman of the Fed, Ben Bernanke, wrote in his essay collection on the Great Depression that Understanding the Great Depression is the holy grail of macro-economics. He thereby referred to the very difficult but ultimately rewarding task of finding a definite answer to the question of the real causes of the Great Depression. This, he argues, could help to identify future crisis better and address them more effectively. When looking at the fact that Sweden had overcome the Depression rather well by applying certain types of policies, the question arises whether the Holy Grail might have already been found long before Bernanke published his book. This chapter will therefore look more closely at the real effect that the Swedish economic policy had from 1929 to 1937. The range and depth of the several above mentioned policy measures varied significantly. It is therefore convenient to divide the chapter into the several policy fields that were addressed between 1929 and 1937. The evaluation is mainly done by using statistics of key figures that are in direct relation to the executed policy. By drawing on secondary literature it is then elaborated whether the figures in the statistics did or did not change due to a specific policy or due to other factors. When looking at the debate on the cause of Swedens recovery the author argues that according to one view the increasing demand and thus increasing exports led to a recovery. Hence, monetary policy was the most powerful contributory factor. The public works policy could not have had any significant effect, since the works were not started on any substantial scale until recovery was well under way. On the other hand, the expansion of the export market at first did not have an extensive impact on the labor market as at first large pile of build up stock were used for exports. No increase in production or employment took place. The author concludes that it was a mixture of growing demand abroad, monetary policy, deficit spending and support of the agriculture that led to Swedens recovery. Even if it is clear that the public works did not lead to recovery it is unclear whether exports alone did the trick. Just lucky? External factors fostering Swedens recovery Leaving the gold standard After Great Britain left the gold standard on September 21st 1931, Sweden followed six days later as one of the first countries. The effects on both the domestic markets and the foreign sector were at first positive. Leaving gold meant that the Swedish Riksbank could lower the interest rate, therefore practicing an inflationary monetary policy rather than a deflationary policy as before. This let the money supply increase and accordingly aggregated product demand. As Sweden experienced a deflation prior to 1931 the increase in money now turned the economic situation into a mild inflation. This proved to be a rather favorable constellation, as with lower interest rates at the central bank and accordingly low real interest rates for businesses, investments increased. Hence, optimism amongst entrepreneurs never fell to a point where all investments were put on hold. Rather, trust in the economy always remained at a substantially high level, while prices remained at level that did not se em to hurt the economy too much. Another important factor was the effect of an inflationary monetary policy on the export sector. Leaving gold was followed by a depreciation of the Krona. This meant that Swedish products became cheaper and did not decrease significantly, which is remarkable when looking at global trade statistics during the Great Depression. Graph 6 shows that Swedish exports did quite well during the 1930s, while a lot of other western economies had to face significant declines in exports. Additionally, a depreciation of the Krona also meant that imports became more expensive for Swedish consumers. As a consequence import substitution occurred, strengthening domestic enterprises. All put together, it becomes evident (see Berry Eichengreen), that leaving the gold standard early played an important role for the depth of and the recovery from the Great Depression. Conclusion This paper examined the economic policy of Sweden during the Great Depression. The primary question was to find out which factors contributed to the relatively mild course of the crisis. Accordingly, the first chapter outlined the basic condition the Swedish economy was in prior to the crisis. This was a necessary entrance into the subject as it revealed that Swedens exposure to contagion was at least with respect to the banking sector limited. On the other hand, the chapter revealed as well that the decrease of foreign demand due to the crisis had a definite negative impact on Swedens export industry. Nevertheless, it can be argued that under these circumstances, Sweden was from the very beginning less likely to be effected by the Great Depression than those countries whose banking sector collapsed. This especially holds true when considering the fact that trust in the economy never vanished in Sweden due to generally stable, basic economic parameters. Hence, the specific characte ristics of Swedens economy prior and during the Great Depression already answer part of the question to why Sweden performed so well. As Sweden was nevertheless hit by the crisis through the export market and the collapse of the international trading system, the second part of the answer can be found within the internationally unique policy measures Sweden pursued between 1931 and 1937. In chapter two it is argued that Swedish politicians deliberately followed an economic policy outside the neoclassical mainstream. This is mainly due to the so called Stockholm school, whose followers very early acknowledged that the state had to play a vital role during an economic crisis. As this group of economist and their advice was very well accepted within the political elite, policy measures could be put into practice without having to make too many concessions to third parties. Thus, policy reaction to the crisis was quick and effective. In chapter three, several major policy measures that helped Sweden to recover from the Great Depression quicker than others are analysed in detail: the early abandoning of the gold standard, the stabilization of the purchasing power of the krona and public work programmes. While the suspension of the gold standard was merely a reaction to the fact that one of Swedens major trading partners, the UK, abandoned gold, the other two measures can clearly be traced back to the Stockholm School. It is argued in the paper, that stabilizing the purchasing power of the krona definitely helped to maintain trust in the economic system and provided planning reliability for businesses. The role of the public work programmes however remains somewhat blurry. Even though Sweden seems to be an early if not the first country to follow Keynesian-like policies, the effects of the deficit spending policy is somewhat disputed by scholars. There is however consensus on the fact that the policies of the Social Democrats in the early 1930s paved the way for true deficit spending and broad government intervention in the following decades, leading to the today renown Swedish welfare state. Lastly, Swedens quick recovery is looked upon in chapter four. As available statistics do not reveal a significant success of the government work program, outside factors might explain more accurately why Sweden recovered so quickly. Looking at exports statistics one can clearly see that a general upswing in the global business cycle was very well received by Swedens export industry. Especially the booming housing market in Great Britain pampered the export sector. Putting all pieces together, this paper showed that a mixture of internal and external factors helped Sweden to overcome the Great Depression better than others. While a relatively low exposure of the banking sector to the international market helped to maintain trust in the economy, the stabilizing monetary policy of the Riksbank strengthened the planning reliability for customers and businesses alike. The quick recovery at the end of the Depression however can mainly be traced back to external factors. Nevertheless, the fact that businesses could quickly react to the growth in foreign demand at all is in great parts due to the stabilizing policy of the government.

How Montessori Environmet Differs Than Traditional Setup

Montessori environment differs from traditional education in many ways. Only a few of them are discussed below: In a Montessori environment the support is given to the natural development of the human being. The emphasis is on cognitive (the emergence of the ability to think and understand) and social development. Whereas in a traditional classroom, prescribed or arranged blocks of knowledge are transmitted into the child. The areas to focus on are rote (memorization technique based on repetition) knowledge.It is as if the information is poured into the brain of a child without much understanding of the process. In Montessori setup the child is not just there in the classroom to listen and receive whatever the teacher is â€Å"lecturing† him about (without even understanding a word). But he is there to think and ponder upon the work that is presented to him. Why and how the child arrives at what he knows is just as important as what he knows. In a Montessori classroom, the ind ependent activity is 80 % of the work, and the teacher directed activity accounts for the remaining 20 %.The reverse is true for the traditional setup. When the child is in a Montessori class, he has shown the activity once (if needed it can be presented again) and then it is up to him to choose from variety of activities that he was shown earlier. The child is allowed to choose his work, take it to his work space and repeat it as much as he wants. This whole process calls for independence. In a traditional classroom, the teacher is the one who decides what the child has to learn, also the pace of the learning process as well as how the learning will take place.The teacher is in control of the whole scenario so most of the activity takes place through her. Self corrected materials are used in a Montessori environment. A child relies on impersonal judgement that comes from his senses. Each material is prepared with control of error. Whereas an external force, means a teacher, is the one who corrects in a traditional way of learning. By using the self corrected materials the child acquires independence. If he makes a mistake, he can correct himself without any help from an adult. In a traditional classroom, the child always depends on the teacher to correct his mistakes nd to tell him if he has done his work correctly or not. This way the child looks for appraisal and always asks for teacher’s approval. The child does not do his work for his own inner satisfaction but he is always looking for outward reward or punishment. The Montessori way of learning puts emphasis on (self) discipline and freedom (within bounds). On the other hand, the point of view in a traditional setting is that children are inherently disorderly and that their willfulness and impulses must b inhibited by an external discipline.Montessori educators believe that children cannot develop a sense of inner discipline if all of the control comes from the outside. In a Montessori classroom, the child is free to choose his work (freedom of choice) but at the same time, he can only choose out of those activities that are already presented to him (freedom within bounds). He is free to do any work he wants or wishes to do but he has to follow an order in which the work was presented to him by the directress. In a Montessori environment the teacher’s role is that of a facilitator and guide while the role of the child is an active one.In a traditional classroom, the teacher plays a very dominant role in the classroom while the child is passive. The teacher, in a Montessori classroom, is mostly in the background. She just steps in when she feels that there is a need. She does not teach, in fact she directs and makes learning smooth and enjoyable, as compared to the traditional setup where the teacher mostly talks and the child just listens. Mix age group is one of the most important aspects of a Montessori environment. Same age group is the norm of a traditional educa tion. Mix age group in the Montessori classroom helps the teacher as well as the students.The elder children act as role models, direct the younger ones, and feel the sense of responsibility whereas the younger children look at the older ones with fascination. This sort of collaboration can be a helping hand for the teacher. The environment, in a Montessori classroom, is tailored according to the child. On the other hand, in a traditional classroom, the child has to adapt according to the environment. One of the main purposes of the Montessori education is to make the child independent and this can only be achieved if we cater to the needs of the child.Montessori classroom belongs to the child and that’s why the whole setup is child sized. The child in the Montessori environment is the center of everything. Montessori environment emphasizes that learning should be done through all five senses. Whereas, in a traditional setup, learning takes place mostly through listening, rea ding and watching. In a Montessori classroom hands on activities are used so that the child can use his senses to absorb the information (this way the information that is absorbed is long lasting) as compared to the traditional set up where the child sits passively, and listens to the teacher.